Arabic News Channels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arabic News Channels - Essay Example They're testing the authority of the American media. Al Jazeera communicates all day, every day, and is getting progressively present and significant all through the Arab world. It is Qatar-based and connects with more than 45 million individuals that live in Arab countries. It additionally was the focal point of contentions during the Iraqi War. The principal discussion blamed Al Jazeera for broadcasting sees for the contention going on that were totally different than media and news stations that lived in the United States (Sharkey, 2003). As per Sharkey (2003, pg. 1),While U.S. TV news media concentrated on military tasks, Al Jazeera was introducing something of the brutality, the impacts, the feeling of the contention, says Leila Hudson, collaborator teacher of Near Eastern investigations at the University of Arizona, who observed war news on U.S. also, Arab systems. This prompted charges by U.S. authorities and traditionalist observers that Al Jazeera was airing promulgation. False, says Lamis Andoni, a writer who has worked for print and communicated media in the Middle East and the United States. Al Jazeera communicate proclamations from U.S. government authorities, indicated the Central Command briefings and had a correspondent inserted with U.S. troops, Andoni says. The system indicated a more extensive picture of the contention than U.S. news associations, she says, since it likewise demonstrated regular citizen losses and the devastation of water, electrical and medical clinic offices. Doubters accept that neither Al Jazeera nor the United States exhibited a precise depiction of the war in Iraq. They neglected to examine it appropriately, including the causes and responses to it. Individuals are worried that Arab satellite stations are excessively bustling telecom the imminent of the Iraqis without claiming to be objective, and that this thusly hurts their own crowd (Sharkey, 2003). As indicated by Sharkey (2003, pg. 1), Media experts state TV news activities in the Arab world and the United States could never introduce occasions or issues from a similar viewpoint, since they are attempting to contact crowds with various social encounters and structures. The way that Al Jazeera offers an alternate point of view than CNN ought not be viewed as an issue, says Mohammed el-Nawawy, a Stonehill College teacher who has expounded on inclusion of the Middle East. Each system is attempting to speak to its crowd. U.S. organize officials state the alternate points of view offered by Al Jazeera and other Arabic-language systems are significant in their considerations about how to cover occasions in the Arab world. News media stations in the United States keep a watch on Al Jazeera day in and day out. He says this is done to remind them how others on the planet see a similar news and stories. In all honesty, Al Jazeera works with CNN and other United States systems. A similar kind of situation is available in the Arabic world. Film from the two sides could be seen on TV for every zone of the world. As indicated by Sharkey (2003, pg. 1), In spite of the fact that U.S. government spokespersons have criticized Al Jazeera's inclusion, it has been an insight instrument for the United State

With reference to the Arab Spring, assess the utility of the Essay

Regarding the Arab Spring, evaluate the utility of the Foucauldian thought of opposition, instead of the Critical Theory idea of liberation - Essay Example ies which were influenced, the protestors utilized normal methods of common opposition, for example, showings, strikes, tranquil conventions and walks just as the utilization of web based life stages to assemble, bring issues to light, compose and improve coordination between the protestors. The greater part of the exhibitions were frequently met with rough constraint from the systems which they looked to challenge. For instance in places like Libya, the Gaddafi system utilized counter showing assaults in its endeavor to pulverize the mainstream revolt. While trying to comprehend the reasons for the ongoing Arab spring across most Middle Eastern nations, numerous specialists have progressively embraced both the utilization of the idea of liberation just as the Foucauldian thought of obstruction. As per Leonard (1990, p. 126), basic hypothesis is characterized as an investigate to the social treacheries which result from free enterprise, misappropriation of open assets and the commoditification of our contemporary society. Basic speculations endeavor to clarify the current social conditions, how such conditions have changed just as how they keep up their legitimacy in the evolving society. Then again, Foucauldian idea of opposition recommends that obstruction, for example, the occasions saw during the Arab spring are to a great extent a response to the control and unavoidable force. As indicated by Foucault, there can be no force without opposition. This paper basically breaks down the basic hypotheses with specific spotlight on the utilization of Foucauldian idea of opposition rather than the idea of liberation in the basic hypothesis. The two ideas of obstruction and liberation are firmly related in that the two of them endeavor to clarify the endeavors by people and social orders to limit mastery, accomplish equity just as the endeavors to accomplish increasingly political and social rights. There are anyway various contrasts between Foucauldian thought of opposition and the idea of liberation. Rather than

Finding Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD Near You

Finding Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD Near You BPD Treatment Print How to Find Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD Near You By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 18, 2019 Steve Debenport / Getty Images More in BPD Treatment Diagnosis Living With BPD Related Conditions DBT therapists are extensively trained to deliver dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder (BPD), a unique type of cognitive-behavioral therapy  that has been scientifically shown to reduce distressing symptoms of BPD, including self-harm and suicide attempts. DBT focuses on teaching behavioral skills like regulating emotions, living in the moment, tolerating distress, and  managing relationships with other people. DBT is done in both individual and group therapy sessions, in addition to phone coaching sessions.   Finding a Dialectical Behavior Therapist Near You DBT therapists can be hard to come by. However, there are a few resources that may help you with your search. The best place to begin your search is with the Clinical Resource Directory maintained by Behavioral Techâ€"an organization founded by Marsha Linehan, Ph.D. to train mental health professionals in DBT. This directory allows you to search for clinicians and programs that have gone through DBT training with Behavioral Tech, LLC, or the Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics at the University of Washington. The treatment programs can be searched for by state. You may also want to try the Association for Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies Find-A-Therapist directory. This database allows you to search for practitioners by name, location, population served, and specialty (there is a DBT option under specialty). This directory also includes international listings. If these databases are not helpful, try calling departments of psychology or psychiatry at local universities, colleges, or medical centers. Because DBT is an evidence-based approach to treatment, academic training departments will often include practitioners who have been trained in DBT. Another option is your local chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness. In addition, you may try looking up the government agency that addresses mental health needs in your area. This may be the Department of Social Services, Department of Mental Health, or a similar agency. These agencies may know of DBT therapists in your area and may be able to facilitate a referral depending on your needs. Be Sure to Talk to Your Doctor Its a good idea to talk with your primary care physician or psychiatrist about your desire to pursue DBT therapy. Your doctor can provide a referral and help confirm whether this is the best therapeutic approach for you.   Remember, remain an advocate for your mental health and be sure to choose a therapist that has proper DBT training and credentials.   Borderline Personality Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

What Is a Paradigm Shift

You hear the phrase â€Å"paradigm shift† all the time, and not just in philosophy.  People talk about paradigm shifts in all sorts of areas: medicine, politics, psychology, and sports.  But what, exactly, is a paradigm shift?  And where does the term come from? The term â€Å"paradigm shift† was coined by the American philosopher Thomas Kuhn (1922- 1996).  It is one of the central concepts in his hugely influential work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, published in 1962.  To understand what it means, you first have to understand the notion of a paradigm theory. Paradigm Theory A paradigm theory is a general theory that helps to provide scientists working in a particular field with their broad theoretical framework—what Kuhn calls their â€Å"conceptual scheme.†Ã‚  It provides them with their basic assumptions, key concepts, and methodology.  It gives their research its general direction and goals. It represents an exemplary model of good science within a particular discipline. Examples of Paradigm Theories Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the universe (with the earth at the center)Copernicus’ heliocentric astronomy (with the sun at the center)Aristotle’s physicsGalileos mechanicsThe medieval theory of the four â€Å"humors† in medicineIsaac Newtons theory of gravityJohn Dalton’s atomic theoryCharles Darwins theory of evolutionAlbert Einstein’s theory of relativityQuantum mechanicsThe theory of plate tectonics in geologyGerm theory in medicineGene theory in biology Paradigm Shift Definition A paradigm shift occurs when one paradigm theory is replaced by another. Here are some examples: Ptolemy’s astronomy giving way to Copernican astronomyAristotle’s physics (which held that material objects had essential natures that determined their behavior) giving way to the physics of Galileo and Newton (which viewed the behavior of material objects as being governed by laws of nature).Newtonian physics (which held time and space to be the same everywhere, for all observers) giving way to Einsteinian physics (which holds time and space to be relative to the observer’s frame of reference). Causes of a Paradigm Shift Kuhn was interested in the way science makes progress.  In his view, science can’t really get going until most of those working within a field agree upon a paradigm.  Before this happens, everyone is doing her own thing in her own way, and you can’t have the sort of collaboration and teamwork that is characteristic of professional science today. Once a paradigm theory is established, those working within it can start doing what Kuhn calls â€Å"normal science.†Ã‚  This covers most scientific activity.  Normal science is the business of solving specific puzzles, collecting data, and making calculations. Normal science includes: Working out how far each planet in the solar system is from the sunCompleting the map of the  human genomeEstablishing the evolutionary descent of a particular species But every so often in the history of science, normal science throws up anomalies—results that can’t easily be explained within the dominant paradigm.  A few puzzling findings by themselves wouldn’t justify ditching a paradigm theory that has been successful.  But sometimes the inexplicable results start piling up, and this eventually leads to what Kuhn describes as a â€Å"crisis.† Examples of Crises Leading to Paradigm Shifts At the end of the 19th century, the inability to detect the ether—an invisible medium posited to explain how light traveled and how gravity operated—eventually led to the theory of relativity. In the 18th century, the fact that some metals gained mass when burned was at odds with phlogiston theory. This theory held that combustible materials contained phlogiston, a substance that was released through burning.  Eventually, the theory was replaced by Antoine Lavoisier’s theory that combustion requires oxygen. Changes That Occur During a Paradigm Shift The obvious answer to this question is that what changes is simply the theoretical opinions of scientists working in the field.  But Kuhn’s view is more radical and more controversial than that.  He argues that the world, or reality, cannot be described independently of the conceptual schemes through which we observe it.  Paradigm theories are part of our conceptual schemes.  So when a paradigm shift occurs, in some sense the world changes.  Or to put it another way, scientists working under different paradigms are studying different worlds. For example, if Aristotle watched a stone swinging like a pendulum on the end of a rope, he would see the stone trying to reach its natural state: at rest, on the ground.  But Newton wouldn’t see this; he’d see a stone obeying the laws of gravity and energy transference.  Or to take another example: Before Darwin, anyone comparing a human face and a monkey’s face would be struck by the differences; after Darwin, they would be struck by the similarities. Science Progresses Through Paradigm Shifts Kuhn’s claim that in a paradigm shift the reality that is being studied changes is highly controversial.  His critics argue that this â€Å"non-realist† point of view leads to a sort of relativism, and hence to the conclusion that scientific progress has nothing to do with getting closer to the truth. Kuhn seems to accept this.  But he says he still believes in scientific progress since he believes that later theories are usually better than earlier theories in that they are more precise, deliver more powerful predictions, offer fruitful research programs, and are more elegant. Another consequence of Kuhn’s theory of paradigm shifts is that science does not progress in an even way, gradually accumulating knowledge and deepening its explanations.  Rather, disciplines alternate between periods of normal science conducted within a dominant paradigm, and periods of revolutionary science when an emerging crisis requires a new paradigm. That is what paradigm shift originally meant, and what it still means in the philosophy of science.  When used outside philosophy, though, it often just means a significant change in theory or practice.  So events like the introduction of high definition TVs, or the acceptance of gay marriage, might be described as involving a paradigm shift.

Community Based Support Group Observation And Reaction Paper

Community-based support group observation and reaction paper is the first assignment that has to be completed for my class Social Work with Groups. In this assignment, I will discuss how I located the support group of my choice, what I was able to observe in the group session, and feelings or reactions I had during the process. This assignment will give a look into my first experience attending a real-life support group session from the other side of the coin. On this occasion, I was able to experience it from the point of view of a group member and not a facilitator which is definitely a shift in roles. Being able to go through this experience gives me the opportunity to experience a session firsthand and be able to observe and identify†¦show more content†¦While I waited this elderly man came and put up a sign on the doorknob that read Al-Anon. At that moment, I found myself surprised that they publically pointed out what type of group was held in that timeframe. Finally, I went in to the auditorium which was this big space and right in the middle of this space was a circle. Within the circle there were cardboards that read different quotes or saying used a lot in the program and a small basket. As I got closer to where the people were standing it felt strange because nobody acknowledged my presence. I was looking kind of lost when I was received by the facilitator who was a friendly woman who called upon the group so that she could introduce me and gave me the opportunity to explain that I was a MSW student from Simmons College and my purpose of being with them that night. The facilitator explained to them that I was aware of the importance of confidentiality and that I was not allowed to take pictures or takes notes. She then led me to a seat in the circle and gave me a book so that I could participate in the reading of the 12 steps and traditions with the rest of the group. I felt intimidated and uneasy while I was introducing myself to the group because I did not get a reaction from them, thus, I was unsure if they were uncomfortable with my presence. Although, I perceived that they seemed to be a quiet group because when I initially entered no one was mingling,Show MoreRelatedFunny Thing About Sociology : Time920 Words   |  4 Pagesprogressing into their sexual identity? â€Å"So, it will be the nature of the question to which you want to find answers that determines your choice of method.† (McIntyre p. 81) Research methods come in a number of styles including literary review, observation, surveys, and unobtrusive methods. No one-way is better then the other not to mention strength and weaknesses come with each research method. Ideally a sociologist will use a number of research methods known as triangulation, â€Å"When methods areRead MoreA Theoretical Perspective On Organisational Socialisation1658 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Individuals spend their lives trying to fit in. Fit into their family roles, fit into their circle of friends and fit into their workplaces. Being a part of a group, a team or an organisations provides a sense of comfort and belonging. Furthermore, it instills confidence to carry out respective roles efficiently. The process by which individuals incorporate themselves into society and into organisations is defined as socialisation (Jablin 2001). Socialisation theories usually focusRead MoreObserving Group Observation Paper1605 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, I discuss my experience with observing a group counseling session with the purpose of evaluating it in terms of how it is set up, how it is run, interventions used, culturally sensitivity, and the contribution toward my professional development as a social worker. The group setting plays a critical role in social work outside of the individual session and can be largely beneficial for clients in the forms of therapy, counseling, self-help, and support. By attempting to better understandRead MoreFalse Belief Tasks Of Children1693 Words   |  7 PagesFor this paper I was interested in false-belief tasks in children. There is a lot of research in child psychology and development that relates to false belief tasks, but the aspect I found most interesting was how false belief tasks relate to children’s ability to lie. It was a theory that children who were unabl e to pass false belief tasks were unable to intend to deceive, because they lacked the understanding of false belief necessary to understand how to deceive someone. Without an understandingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Plant Biotechnology1547 Words   |  7 PagesBy maintaining a largely fact-based and scientific perspective throughout the book, Fedoroff furthers her credibility. Plant biotechnology is Fedoroff’s life’s work, earning her a plethora of honors and awards. Thus, it is only natural for her to be more in favor of the pro-plant biotechnology view she argues for in her book. However, Fedoroff maintains a neutral stance for the rest of her book, presenting case studies, addressing both successes and failures of genetic engineering, and respondingRead MoreAsian American And Asian Americans1638 Words   |  7 PagesAsian Americans are a very diverse group in the United States, which include many races such as Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Filipino, Indian, a nd many more. Birth country, ancestry, and family heritage are ways to categorize this specific group. According to the 2010 Census, the Asian American population has grown faster than any other group from 2000 to 2010 (Pew Research, 2012). Asian Americans are either immigrants from Asia or are descendants of immigrants. 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Teachers are responsible for critiquing their students, and making sure that their students learn the required objectives in order to advance to the next grade. There are several ways for students to show mastery of lesson objectivesRead MoreAutism Spectrum and Encyclopedia Britannica Online1594 Words   |  7 Pagessymptoms of Autism. The behavior of children with this disorder has a wide range from mild to severe in nature. What we need to know is that there are three major categories of symptoms, social reaction, communication, and behavior. In the social reaction category you will see a narrow range of facia l reactions. They will also have poor eye contact with the people that they are communicating with. They will have difficulty with relationships with their peers. By not having relationships with theirRead MoreYouth Gang Violence in Australia2230 Words   |  9 Pagespotential spread of youth gang threats. 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Argumentative Essay Classmate vs Parents Free Essays

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: â€Å"Classmates have more influence on a child’s success in school than parents do†. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Excellent academic performance is the dream of almost every kid. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay: Classmate vs Parents or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many factors affecting children’s success in school, two of which are classmates and parents. The question that who has played more important role seems to be a controversial issue. Personally I think parents somehow contribute more due to the following reasons. Firstly it is often said that parents are who understand kids the most. Not only do they have a thorough picture of the children’s interest, but they are also able to figure out their strengths and weaknesses. Thanks to the affluent experience they have got, parents are supposed to be the perfect kid’s consultants in school life, giving them good advice under any circumstances. Although dad and mom may not help with the academic knowledge, they can still share the working skills, for example time management, or assist effectively in case of affection trouble, like a puppy love. If it hadn’t been for parental orientation, there must be many of us who could not be that successful in school. Moreover, it will be very hard for any kids to conquer the study peak if there is no parental support in term of time and money. There are many obvious examples here in Vietnam showing the incredible efforts of rural parents who determine to sell everything in the house in order that their kids can take the university entrance examination. I myself still remember the time of primary school when my father had to travel approximately 20 kilometers every morning to take me to class; how much I owe him! Unconditional love is the only reason for these endless sacrifices. Opponents who think that classmates may have greater influence on study success have their point in arguing that same-aged friends can are better at helping each other in school subjects; and excellent peers can have a very good impact on kids. It is undeniable that classmates also play an important role in children’s academic performance as well as school relationships. However, the question is, how many of a kid’s peers can stand by his side through hard time in such a long study life? Classmates are not as experienced as parents to help kids make up their minds in crucial study decision as well. While school fellows are kids’ partners, parents are their life-time companions. To sum up, I want to emphasize that both classmates and parents do influence over a child’s academic performance, but the latters have a bigger saying. And kids need many other factors to be successful, not only in school, but in their future life. How to cite Argumentative Essay: Classmate vs Parents, Essay examples

Tzintzuntzan

Despite religious and denominational disparities evident within communities, it is agreeable that people who participate in different churches can still get along peacefully. This is a considerable provision in diverse contexts. Currently, there are numerous denominations with varying religious ties and doctrines (Cahn 8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tzintzuntzan – Can people who participate in different churches get along peacefully? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various churches have established, ratified, and embraced different principles and religious values that conflict those of other denominations. Nonetheless, getting along together, living peacefully, and gratifying human virtues are still possible in this context despite the challenges. Arguably, it is crucial to set aside religious differences when it comes to humanity, peace, and societal values. In the modern society, it is crucial to e mbrace tolerance across the entire religious divides. This will ensure that people who participate in different churches get along peacefully. In the Tzintzuntzan’s context, all religions are excellent and should follow their respective doctrines. Nevertheless, there is need to minimize religious disparities when considering the aspects of humanity and societal cohesion. This is helpful in embracing peace and enhancing tolerance mentioned earlier. It is imperative to accept people the way they are, grant them the opportunity to participate in their respective religious beliefs, and enhance cohesion among diverse groups. This will ensure that everybody within a particular community get along together in a peaceful and adorable manner. There is need to thwart religious conflicts regardless of the situation. This will ensure that communities establish, ratify, and embrace peace for the good of everyone. Religious differences should remain at church level; however, it is importan t to uphold humanitarian and cohesive values beyond religion, social, racial, and gender divides. Evidently, there is stiff competition amidst churches and different religions globally. This roots the noticed religious disparities within societies. Religion has been divided into varying genres with competing traditions and denominations as evident in the Tzintzuntzan’s context. It is important to consider these differences in order to emerge with critical religious and societal provisions. Despite these disparities, it is still arguable that people who participate in different churches (with varying values) can still get along peacefully as mentioned earlier. This is a critical consideration in diverse contexts. Religious tolerance and peace ratification within a society is vital in this milieu.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Churches have to reorganize themselves in order to uphold peace expansively. Religious conflicts amidst different religions are incongruent in this context. They promote hatred within societies and compromise tolerance and societal cohesion preached worldwide. It is believed that churches are founded on truth, orthodoxy, peace, and tolerance (Carter 1). It is important to uphold these virtues in order to remain relevant, peaceful, and harmonious within the society. Additionally, churches should understand the importance of peace and togetherness despite the noticed differences. Concurrently, it is imperative to accept that people who participate in different churches can get along peacefully through numerous ways. These include the aspects diplomatic coexistence, lenience, compassion, and tolerance mentioned earlier. Thwarting unnecessary prejudice can actually help in this context. People with varying religious orientations can still live harmoniously with others upon understanding the importance of peaceful coexistence be yond religious divides (Cahn 34). Additionally, leaders of the current and future churches have the mandate to eradicate religious differences that compromise the aspects of peaceful coexistence with the society. Evidently, this provision will ensure that people who participate in different churches get along peacefully despite the challenges. Works Cited Cahn, Peter. All Religions Are Good in Tzintzuntzan: Evangelicals in Catholic Mexico. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas Press, 2003. Print. Carter, Grayson. You Know, Can We All Get Along?. 2012. Web. This essay on Tzintzuntzan – Can people who participate in different churches get along peacefully? was written and submitted by user Reece Wooten to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What to do in the Next Four years essays

What to do in the Next Four years essays With President George W. Bush preparing for his second term, there are many decisions that need to be made. Some of these decisions include: what to do with the war on terror, how to handle same-sex marriages, and whether or not abortion is right. What the President does in these next four years will determine how our country acts in the future. Although the President has been under constant pressure from the media and top government officials, he has promised that as long as he is president he will continue to fight the war on terror. Many people have criticized his decisions involving the wars going on in Afghanistan and Iraq saying that the President is going after the rich oil industry in these countries. The President totally denies these accusations and insists that we are not fighting these countries, but rather the terrorists groups within them. Another fiery subject is the battle surrounding same-sex marriages. In all but a few of the fifty states gay and lesbian marriages are not recognized as legal. The amount of legally married homosexuals is small compared to the amount of couples that have tried to get married. The reason so many of these confused people are having a hard time is because President Bush has passed the Sanctity of Marriage law, making it illegal for two people of the same sex to get married. Although there are many people who oppose this law, there is also a large number of people who applaud the President for this bold act. Abortion is another one of these topics of debate. This may be the hardest situation for the President to deal with. Even though most Christians believe strongly that abortion is wrong, the millions of people that do not believe in Jesus and the Bible will be hard to convince of the injustice done to unborn babies. The many pro choice people of this country feel that it really doesnt matter that they kill unborn babies because in their e ...

Mixed Cropping Agriculture Technique

Mixed Cropping Agriculture Technique Mixed cropping, also known as polyculture, inter-cropping, or co-cultivation, is a type of agriculture that involves planting two or more plants simultaneously in the same field, interdigitating the crops so that they grow together. In general, the theory is that planting multiple crops at once saves space since crops in the same field might ripen at different seasons, and provides a wealth of environmental benefits. Documented benefits of mixed cropping include the balance of input and outgo of soil nutrients, the suppression of weeds and insect pests, the resistance of climate extremes (wet, dry, hot, cold), the suppression of plant diseases, the increase in overall productivity, and the management of scarce resources (land) to the fullest degree. Mixed Cropping in Prehistory Planting enormous fields with single crops is called monocultural agriculture, and it is a recent invention of the industrial agricultural complex. Most agricultural field systems of the past involved some form of mixed cropping, although unambiguous archaeological evidence of this is difficult to come by. Even if botanical evidence of the plant residues (such as starches or phytoliths) of multiple crops is discovered within an ancient field, it has proven difficult to differentiate between the results of mixed cropping and rotation cropping. Both methods are believed to have been used in the past. The primary reason for prehistoric multi-cropping probably had more to do with the needs of the farmers family, rather than any recognition that mixed cropping was a good idea. It is possible that certain plants adapted to multi-cropping over time, as a result of the domestication process. Classic Mixed Cropping: Three Sisters The classic example of mixed cropping is that of the American three sisters:  maize, beans, and cucurbits (squash and pumpkins). The three sisters were domesticated at different times but eventually were combined together to form an important component of Native American agriculture and cuisine. The mixed cropping of the three sisters is historically documented by the Seneca and Iroquois tribes in the US northeast and probably began sometime after 1000 C.E. The method consists of planting all three seeds in the same hole. As they grow, the maize provides a stalk for the beans to climb on, the beans are nutrient-rich to offset that taken out by the maize, and the squash grows low to the ground to keep weeds down and keep water from evaporating from the soil in the heat. Modern Mixed Cropping Agronomists studying mixed crops have had mixed results determining if yield differences can be achieved with mixed versus monoculture crops. For example, a combination wheat and chickpeas might work in one part of the world, but it might not work in another. But, overall it appears that measurably good effects result  when the right combination of crops are cropped together. Mixed cropping is best suited for small-scale farming where harvesting is by hand. It has been used to improve income and food production for small farmers and lessen the likelihood of total crop failure- even if one of the crops fail, the same field might still produce other crop successes. Mixed cropping also requires fewer nutrient inputs such as fertilizers, pruning, pest control, and irrigation than does monoculture farming. Benefits There seems to be no doubt that the practice provides a rich biodiverse environment, fostering habitat and species richness for animals and insects such as butterflies and bees. Some evidence suggests that polycultural fields do produce high yields compared to monocultural fields in certain situations, and almost always increase biomass richness over time. Polyculture in forests, heathlands, grasslands, and marshes has been particularly important for the regrowth of biodiversity in Europe. A recent study (Pech-Hoil and colleagues) was conducted on the tropical American perennial achiote (Bixa orellana), a rapidly growing tree that has a high carotenoid content, and a food dye and spice in small farming cultures in Mexico. The experiment looked at achiote as it is grown in different agronomic systems- intercropped polyculture, backyard cultivation including poultry farming, and a wide range of plants, and monoculture. Achiote adapted its mating system depending on which type of system it was planted in, specifically the amount of outcrossing that is seen. Further research is required to identify the forces at work. Sources: Cardoso EJBN, Nogueira MA, and Ferraz SMG. 2007. Biological N2 fixation and mineral N in common bean–maize intercropping or sole cropping in southeastern Brazil. Experimental Agriculture 43(03):319-330. Daellenbach GC, Kerridge PC, Wolfe MS, Frossard E, and Finckh MR. 2005. Plant productivity in cassava-based mixed cropping systems in Colombian hillside farms. Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment 105(4):595-614. Pech-Hoil R, Ferrer MM, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Valdez-Ojeda R, Garza-Caligaris LE, and Rivera-Madrid R. 2017. Variation in the mating system of Bixa orellana L. (achiote) under three different agronomic systems. Scientia Horticulturae 223(Supplement C):31-37. Picasso VD, Brummer EC, Liebman M, Dixon PM, and Wilsey BJ. 2008. Crop Species Diversity Affects Productivity and Weed Suppression in Perennial Polycultures under Two Management Strategies. Crop Science 48(1):331-342. Plieninger T, Hà ¶chtl F, and Spek T. 2006. Traditional land-use and nature conservation in European rural landscapes. Environmental Science Policy 9(4):317-321.

Management Consulting in the UK Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Management Consulting in the UK - Research Paper Example    Today, the industry is more worth than 9 billion pounds and hires more than 80,000 consultants. The industry extends a wide range of firms, most of which undertake pure management consulting work, of which are part of larger firms that also undertake IT and change programmes and from training individuals and team to provide expert advice in specialized fields (Bushko 45). Essential to the success of the whole consulting industry is their capabilities to deliver high-quality services that enable create sustainable value to organizations. To this end, the MCA has a Code of Practice to which all MCA members pledge. The MCA also encourages the positive contribution made by the industry to the economy and the wider society through the annual MCA Awards (Buono 45). As its clients look for integrated solutions to their IT requirements and management, many consultancy firms are entering into treaties with software suppliers, telecoms or communications firms in order for them to provide a broader range of quality services and outspread their global reach. At the same time, the consultant/client relationship is changing. Boundaries are distorting. Consultants can become part of the client organization for some time, and may as well sometimes share the profits as well as the risks of a scheme or project (Bushko 34). Consultancy firms that have in history compete d are now more or less working together on client projects and there will be continuing union within and outside the industry as firms co-operate and join in order to offer better services to their clients (Buono 59).   

Two World Wars of the 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Two World Wars of the 20th Century - Essay Example As the report declares World War I was immediately triggered by the assassination of the Crown Prince to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. Serbia wanted to be independent from Austria-Hungary and saw the assassination as a way to put their message across. When Austria-Hungary and its German ally attacked Serbia in retaliation, the latter’s Russian ally came to the rescue together with their allies Britain and France. World War II was like a continuation of the unfinished business of World War I where Germany aimed at strengthening its hold on Europe by having a large Empire under its control. Its ambition for world domination thwarted by their loss in 1918, Germany began building up its armed forces and its military power under the guidance of misguided politicians with grand ambitions. This paper stresses that both wars featured heavy casualties because of the use of technology. While the wars in previous centuries were marked by battles of mass troop formations, the two world wars became the laboratory for weapons of mass destruction in the form of poison chemical gases, landmines, explosive projectiles that were created to inflict death or serious injury from remote locations, armored vehicles that could carry troops and ammunitions across great distances, and in Japan in 1945, the use of atomic weapons that claimed many civilian casualties and that flattened two cities. World War I affected a few countries, mostly in Europe. On the side of the Allies were Britain, France, and Russia, but there were troops from the United States, Australia, northern Africa, and Eastern Europe. The Axis powers were Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Italy. World War II affected more countries with the entry of Japan as one of the Axis powers carrying the war to island nations in the Pacific and the Asian continent. The impact on world

The Practice of Leadership investigation and questionnaire

The Practice of Leadership investigation and questionnaire The research we have discussed has described transactional leader. What is the difference between transactional and transformational leaders? (4) 1. Transactional leaders are leaders who ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Transformational leaders are leaders who ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Transformational leadership is built on top of transactional leadership. You cannot have transformational without transactional leadership. 4. The evidence supporting the advantage of transformational leadership over the transactional is tremendously impressive. 5. A Table Comparing Transactional and Transformational Leadership: Transactional Transformational Visionary vs Charismatic Leadership Visionary leadership is described as with the ability to create and articulate a realistic, credible, attractive vision of the future for an organisation or organisational unit that grows out of and improves on the present. 1. If the vision is properly selected and implemented, it can be so energising that it incites individuals to use their skills, talents and resources to make it happen. 2. The key properties of a vision are that it has inspirational possibilities that are value centred, are realisable, have better imagery and are well spoken. 3. What skills do visionary leaders have? (3) a. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Charismatic leadership theory is an extension of attribution theory and suggests that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviours. A charismatic leadership style can appear similar to a transformational leadership style, in that the leader injects huge doses of enthusiasm into his or her team, and is very energetic in driving others forward. However, charismatic leaders can tend to believe more in themselves than in their teams. Eight personal characteristics of charismatic leaders have been identified. (8) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 2. An increasing amount of research shows impressive correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance and satisfaction among followers. 3. Most experts think that individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviours. 4. Charismatic leadership may not always be needed to achieve high levels of employee performance. It may be most appropriate when an employees job has a lot of ideological content. Quiz: Charismatic and Transformational Leadership 1. Charismatic leadership is best understood by examining: a. leader characteristics b. leader and subordinate characteristics c. leader and situational characteristics d. leader, subordinate, and situational characteristics 2. Which statement about transformational and charismatic leadership is most accurate? a. both types of leadership involve the same underlying processes b. both type of leadership are effective in any situation c. charismatic leaders are less common in business organizations d. charismatic leaders are more effective in business organizations Team leadership As the usage of work teams grows, the role of team leader becomes increasingly important. 1. The challenge for most managers is learning how to become an effective team leader. 2. Effective team leaders have mastered the difficult balancing act of knowing when to leave their teams alone and when to get involved. 3. How does an effective leader build and support teams? (5) a.________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ b.________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ c.________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4. There are two priorities for a team leader. (2) a. ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. These priorities can be broken down into four specific leadership roles. a. ________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________ (4) Quiz: Leadership in Teams and Decision Groups 1. Which of the following is not a primary determinant of performance for a functional team? a. how long the current leader has been in that position b. trust and cooperation among the team members c. the organization and coordination of activities d. member agreement about objectives and strategies 2. The primary responsibility of the leader of a decision group is to: a. suggest good ideas for solving the problem b. ensure that everybody has equal influence c. encourage group members to reach an agreement quickly d. structure the discussion in a systematic manner 3. Which leader action is most likely to improve a group decision? a. ask judgmental questions to stimulate more creative solutions b. separate solution generation from solution evaluation c. determine who was responsible for causing the problem d. insist that the person who suggests a solution must defend it 4. Which of the following is not recommended for leaders of decision groups? a. focus the group discussion on the best two solutions b. encourage members to look for integrative solutions c. describe the problem without implying the cause or solution d. allow ample time for systematic evaluation of ideas LEADERSHIP ISSUES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY. Leaders and Power: Leadership power refers to: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the difference between power and authority? (2) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Kelman (1958) proposed three different types of influence processes: 1.______________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________ French and Raven (1959) identified five sources or bases of power. Explain them. (10) 1. Legitimate power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Coercive power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Reward power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Expert power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Referent power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yukl and Falbe (1991) add two more types of power: 1. Information Power ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Ecological Power ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Most effective leaders rely on several different bases of power. Power can be personal (referent and expert) or position (legitimate, reward, coercive, information, ecological). How is power acquired or lost? a. Social Exchange Theory _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Strategic Contingencies Theory _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Quiz: Power and Influence 1. What kind of power is dependent upon friendship and trust? a. affiliation power b. dyadic power c. referent power d. expert power 2. Which influence process is most likely to result in continued commitment to a task objective regardless of the managers subsequent actions? a. instrumental compliance b. personal identification c. compliance with authority d. internalization 3. Which two kinds of power have been found to be related most strongly to leader effectiveness in motivating subordinates? a. expert and referent power b. reward and referent power c. expert and legitimate power d. reward and expert power 4. Control over information is likely to give a manager power over: a. subordinates b. subordinates and peers c. peers and superiors d. peers, superiors, and subordinates 5. Which is not a recommended way to increase ones expert power? a. show others how to solve problems for themselves b. avoid making rash or careless statements c. act confident and decisive in a crisis d develop exclusive sources of technical information 6. The most likely outcome for an influence attempt based on legitimate power is: a. passive resistance b. compliance c. active resistance d. commitment Leading through Empowerment: Another modern leadership issue is leading through empowerment. Managers are increasingly leading by empowering their employees. 1. The increased use of empowerment is being driven by two forces. (2) a. _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Empowerment should not be considered a universal solution to problems. Instead, it should be used where a workforce has the knowledge, skills, and experience to do jobs competently and where employees seek independence and possess an internal source of control. 3. The following conditions should be met for empowerment to be introduced (Cautions): ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Quiz: Leading through empowerment 1. Leading through empowerment increases _______________ of the workers: a. control b. maturity c. independence d. decision-making maturity 2. What is the most likely benefit from using participation in decision making? a. the decision will be made more quickly b. the quality of the decision will be better c. there will be more decision acceptance by participants d. there will be greater agreement among the participants Developing Trust: Another important modern issue for leaders is creating a culture of trust and credibility. 1. Credibility is __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Trust is __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Research has identified five dimensions that make up the concept of trust. Explain them. (5) a. Integrity ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Competence ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Consistency ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ d. Loyalty ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ e. Openness ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Given the fact that many organisations have moved to self-managed work teams, trust is extremely important because many of the traditional control mechanisms have been removed. 5. How should leaders build trust? Give eight suggestions. (8) a. ________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________ e. ________________________________________________ f. ________________________________________________ g. ________________________________________________ h. ________________________________________________ Providing Moral, Ethical and Legal Leadership. Providing moral leadership involves addressing the means that a leader uses in achieving goals. It involves the content of the goals as well. Transformational leaders encouraging moral values when they try to change the attitudes and behaviours of followers. Unethical versus ethical leaders and the use of charisma. Recent corporate financial scandals have given rise to research that considers the ethical implications in leadership. The importance of ethical behaviour when it comes to trust. Abuse of power as leaders, especially illegal activities. Heroic Leadership. In the last few years there have been questions raised about the integrity of business leaders and there are signs of doubt entering into the publics perceptions of business. Polls in the US show that just 16 per cent of Americans trust business executives. US CEO makes 411 times the average worker. CEO salaries in Australia and New Zealand have not been as huge as in the US, but have in the same upward direction. Further resentment when rewards are given to CEOs even when the companys performance declines. Failure of the heroic leader has resulted from arrogance and greed. CEOs role as organisational leader needs to change. CEOs need to get back to the basics of what it means to be a leader. Such as: Give people a reason to come to work. Help employees to develop a passion for their work, a commitment to their colleagues and sense of responsibility to the organisations customers. Be loyal to the organisations people. Spend time with people who do the real work of the organisation. Todays CEO needs to be candid about what business practices are acceptable and proper. They should be prepared to take decisive action when something wrong is discovered. Becoming an effective leader. Organisations are in need of effective leaders. Cross-cultural leadership. Do leadership styles vary with national culture? National culture is certainly an important situational variable in determining which leadership style will be most effective because of how followers will respond. Name 7 universal elements of effective leadership. (7) _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Gender differences and leadership. The next modern leadership issue we want to discuss is gender and leadership. This topic is one that still creates controversy! What, if any, differences exist between male and female leaders and what implications would these differences have? 1. The evidence generally has found that males and females do tend to use different leadership styles. This is not sexist, just reality. (3) a. Women tend to adopt a more ____________________style and a less ________________________________style than men do. b. Women are more likely to encourage participation, share power and information, and attempt to enhance followers self-worth. c. Men are more likely to use a directive, command-and-control style. d. Men rely on the formal authority of their position for their influence base. e. Men use___________________________________ leadership, handing out rewards for good work and punishment for bad. 2. Is different better? Consider the following statement: The best managers (leaders) listen, motivate, and provide support to their people. They inspire and influence rather than control. Generally speaking, women seem to do these things better than men. Do you agree? _____ 3. However, gender does not mean destiny. Which leadership style is effective depends on the situation. Gender simply provides a behavioural tendency in leadership style. 4. Glass ceiling: An unofficial, invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing in the businesses. In economics, this term refers to situations where the advancement of a qualified person within the hierarchy of an organization is stopped at a lower level because of some form of discrimination, most commonly sexism or racism, but sometimes, glass ceiling describes the limited advancement of the deaf, blind, disabled, and aged. Quiz: Gender and Cross-cultural Leadership 1. Which statement is most accurate according to the research on gender and leadership? a. men are more effective than women as leaders in organizations b. women are more effective than men as leaders in organizations c. men and women have an equal opportunity to be effective leaders d. men and women do not differ in their effectiveness as leaders 2. Which is least likely to be a reason for the glass ceiling in large organizations like business? a. differences in leadership behavior displayed by men and women b. implicit theories about the attributes required for effective leadership c. popular stereotypes about the skills and traits of men and women d. less encouragement and developmental opportunities for women Leader training Organisations around the globe spend billions of dollars, yen and Euros on leadership training and development. Some people do not have what it takes to be a leader. Evidence indicates that leadership training is more likely to be successful with individuals who are high self-monitors. Also individuals with higher levels of a trait called motivation to lead are more receptive to leadership development opportunities. Skills that can be taught are implementation skills in relation to effective visions, trust building, mentoring and situational analysis. Online leadership Write down the three main challenges of online leadership: __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Leadership Role-Play: Handling Confrontation (Mon): In groups (min. 3 max 4 people) think of a scenario in which a manager has to deal with employees about a problem in a workplace interview. Prepare a written script that you will hand a copy to your instructor when you do it. Appoint one person as the reporter, one person as the manager, and the rest as employees. The reporter sets the picture for us and the others act out the scenario in about 5 minutes. Then the reporter puts up a slide to summarize the leader-follower dynamics illustrated in the role-play, as reflected by the theory that we have learnt in the workbook. The class will then discuss this summary and analyze it further, drawing effective conclusions from the theory that we have learnt. Three important questions to ask: What kind of leadership style did the manager use? What is his relationship like with the follower/s? What do you think will be the outcome of the confrontation?

Background of American Airlines

American Airlines is the world's largest airline. American, American Eagle and the AmericanConnection ® airlines serve 250 cities in over 40 countries with more than 4,000 daily flights. The combined network fleet numbers more than 1,000 aircraft. American's award-winning Web site, AA. com, provides users with easy access to check and book fares, plus personalized news, information and travel offers.American Airlines is a founding member of the oneworld ® Alliance, which brings together some of the best and biggest names in the airline business, enabling them to offer their customers more services and benefits than any airline can provide on its own. Together, its members serve more than 600 destinations in over 135 countries and territories. American Airlines, Inc. and American Eagle Airlines, Inc. are subsidiaries of AMR Corporation.Based on People’s Daily online dated Tuesday, April 10, 2001, American Airlines became the world's largest air carrier and grounded a venera ble competitor after acquiring the assets of bankrupt Trans World Airlines. Based on SKYTRAX which operates the Star Rating system for the world airline industry, having introduced the programme in 2000, American Airlines is a 3-Star Airline. Star Grading awarded to airlines supplying a fair quality performance that conforms to an industry â€Å"average† – when assessing all areas of competitive ranking.3 Star ranking signifies a satisfactory standard of core Product across most travel categories – but may reflect less consistent standards of Staff Service / Product delivery either Onboard or in the Airport environments. Vision, Mission, Goals and Values of the Company Vision: Customer Commitment American Airlines is in business to provide safe, dependable, and friendly air transportation to our customers, along with numerous related services. We are dedicated to making every flight you take with us something special. Mission and Goals:At American Airlines, we: †¢ Evaluate products and services on their merits, giving fair and impartial consideration to all suppliers †¢ Award contracts based on the highest quality and best delivery combined with the most competitive cost to the corporation †¢ Review constantly the performance of our suppliers and contractors to enhance their ability to provide products and services that exceed industry standards †¢ Assure inclusion of minority and women-owned companies in procurement and construction opportunities across American Airlines. VALUES :The Company is committed to maintaining the highest standards of business ethics and complying with both the letter and the spirit of the law in everything that we do and in every country in which we do business. Doing so will also maintain the hard-earned respect that we have established over the years with our customers. Consequently, employees are prohibited from participating in or condoning illegal or unethical activity. Remember that ill egal acts by employees can cost the company millions of dollars in fines, and the penalties for corporations convicted of federal crimes are severe.And employees who violate the company’s ethical standards will be subject to disciplinary action up to and including termination. To ensure compliance with this company policy, we have adopted these Standards of Business Conduct for all employees. These Standards also apply to all agents, consultants, contractors, and others when they are representing or acting for the company. We expect our vendors and suppliers to be guided by these principles. We have developed a Business Ethics & Compliance Program to educate you about the laws that affect our business and to provide the necessary channels to seek advice and report possible misconduct.(www. aa. com) Quality Goods and Services Marketed in the Global Economy American Airlines sources the best quality products and services to provide to our customers. Aside from their flight, car , hotel, vacation package and cruise reservations, they also have the following services and products: -Net SAAver and Special Offers -Fare Sales -Special Offers (Bonus Miles and Percentage and Great Savings) – RSS Service Really Simple Syndication is a technology for sharing and distributing the latest web content such as fares, news, and offers.It's an easy way to receive up-to-date information without having to search the Internet. -Last Minute Packages Bookings -Email Subscription Service – AAdvatage Service The AAdvantage ® program is American's travel awards program. It was the original travel awards program, established more than 20 years ago, and today is the world's largest program. -Admiral Club Membership There are some people that are impossible to shop for and for them, there's the Admirals Club ® membership or the Admirals Club One-Day Pass. It's thoughtful, inspired, and a gift that they will not only use, but enjoy as well.-Offer Gift Card -Trip Ins urance Offer Purchasing a flight shouldn't trigger undue stress. When customers purchase Trip Insurance through Access America, they can receive a refund for the pre-paid, non-refundable portion of they travel costs should your trip be cancelled or interrupted for a covered reason. – The AmericanAirlines Credit Card (no annual fee) -TrAAvel Perks ® program which is a travel club with some fantastic member benefits. —- Business ExtrAA program which offers more variety, more choice and more flexibility than any other airline incentive program for businesses.-Corporate Booking American Airlines is leading the way in providing practical, cost-efficient solutions for managing corporate travel booking with CorporateAAccess. comSM. They have designed a functional, easy-to-use online booking product at the request of many corporate customers, one that brings the best of business travel planning together in one web site. – The AmericanAirlines AAirpass program protects the customers against fare changes and helps them manage their travel by providing prepaid unrestricted air travel at a fixed rate – all while they enjoy VIP privileges and benefits.With this, they can travel anytime, even at a moment's notice, to any of the more than 250 worldwide destinations served by American Airlines, American Eagle ®, and AmericanConnection ®, including the U. S. , Canada, Europe, Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Mexico. -Incentive Programs AmericanAirlines Incentive Travel ® products support all of their promotional objectives from acquiring new customers to instilling consumer loyalty to rewarding employee performance. Destinations and Routes of American AirlinesAmerican Airlines fly in 10 major destinations including Africa, Asia, Australia/ New Zealand, Carribean, Central America, Europe, Eurasia, Middle East, North and South America. Its worldwide destinations include Dallas/ Forth Worth, India-Delhi, Ireland- Dublin and Shannon, Japan-Tokyo, Norfolk- Virgina and Shanghai, China. Shares Of AMR Common Stock Based on the Corporate Press Release, AMR Corporation allows 4. 5 percent Senior Convertible Notes due 2024 have become convertible into shares of AMR common stock.As provided in the indenture under which the Notes were issued, the Notes have become convertible because the sale price of AMR’s common stock for at least 20 trading days in a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the calendar quarter ended Dec. 31, 2006, was greater than 120 percent of the conversion price per share of AMR common stock. The Notes are convertible into common stock at the conversion rate specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, the Notes and the indenture under which the Notes were issued, and they will remain convertible for so long as they are outstanding.Financial Profitability of the Company for the Past Three Years According to AP Associate Press, AMR Cor poration reported that they loss $387 Million in the fourth quarter of 2004, or $2. 40 per share. This compares to last year's fourth quarter loss of $111 million, or $0. 70 per share. For the year, AMR posted a net loss of $761 million, compared to 2003's loss of $1. 2 billion. Fourth quarter 2004 special items totaled a net gain of $86 million, or $0. 54 per share, and primarily included a $146 million gain on the sale of American's interest in Orbitz, $42 million in severance charges, and $21 million in aircraft charges.Despite its profit loss, I can still affirm to the fact that the company is financially profitable. According to AP Associate Press dated July 19, 2006, American Airlines’ profit rise sharply. It ahs been further reported that a sharply higher profit for the second quarter, helped by full airplanes and higher fares at the start of the peak summer travel season. AMR said it earned $291 million, or $1. 14 per share, in the three months ended June 30, up from $58 million, or 30 cents a share, a year ago. Revenue rose 12. 5 percent to $5. 98 billion from $5.31 billion a year ago and slightly higher than the $5. 93 billion that analysts had expected. AMR increased its cash and short-term investments to more than $5. 1 billion, excluding restricted balances. The buildup is a legacy of the company’s brush with bankruptcy in 2003. The above facts by AP Associate Press only proved the financial profitability of the company. Hedging Technique and Stategic Plans The company used a â€Å"classic† sort of hedge. It is also known in the industry as a â€Å"pairs trade† due to the trading on a pair of related securities.American Airlines oneworld is a hedging strategy wherein they made partnership with the seven of the world's leading airlines – Aer Lingus (through March 31, 2007), British Airways, Cathay Pacific Airways, Finnair, Iberia, LAN1 and Qantas Airways. The investors of American Airlines become more sophisticate d of using various models. These strategies protect the company in currency fluctuation and it look for a spread between market value and theoretical or â€Å"true† value, and attempt to extract profits when the values converge.AA has also a Customer Service Plan which is one of their strategic moves. This Customer Service Plan addresses a number of the service goals they have defined. This plan includes lowest fare availability, baggage delivery, baggage liability, guaranteed fares, ticket refunds, accommodation of customers with special needs, essential customer needs during extraordinary delays, etc. They are constantly reevaluating their customer service goals, and they intend to update this Customer Service Plan when appropriate.Every customer is important to American Airlines and American Eagle. The customer’s safety, comfort, and convenience are their most important concerns. Human Resource Management American Airlines supports the communities they serve through out the world, bringing people together and providing opportunities for economic improvement†¦making American a good neighbor. They are committed to diversity. With diversity comes opportunities for success which are good for their employees, their customers, communities, and ultimately their business.They also do more than state our commitment to diversity. Their commitment is displayed in numerous ways and frequently sets the standard for other companies. Human Resource Management and Employee Resource Groups are an important part of AMR's efforts to foster an inclusive work environment. Through their Human Resource Management and Employee Resource Groups, they have created opportunities for employees to have a voice in business, support each other and share their unique perspectives, cultures and experiences with employees.Issues of Employees Regarding Their Compensation: Based on USA Today dated June 22, 2004, officers of American Airlines, along with union leaders and empl oyees from all work groups rallied against the company regarding pension reform. The company, on behalf of its 80,000 employees and together with its unions, also placed a full-page ad in USA Today. The ad thanks Congress for doing their part to support pension reform legislation that â€Å"makes funding employee pensions more affordable and more flexible — without the transfer of these obligations to the government.† Citing a reduction of $4 billion in annual operating costs through operational and efficiency improvements and changes to wages, benefits and work rules, the ad also underscores that American Airlines, its employees and its unions have made sacrifices and are â€Å"working together† to do their part to ensure a profitable company in order to improve shareholder returns, build financial stability and â€Å"help maintain our defined benefit pension plans. † Commitment Towards DiversityAmerican Airlines proudly support and encourage employee in volvement in any of their Employee Resource Groups such as African-American Employee Resource Group, Asian Cultural Association, Caribbean Employees, Christian Resource Group, Employees with Disabilities, Gay, Lesbian, Transgender and Bisexual Employees, Indian Employees, Jewish Resource Group, Latin Employee Resource Group, Muslim Resource Group, Native American Employee Resource Group, Women in AAviation, Work and Family Balance, 40 Plus/Senior Employees.They value a just and fair treatment of their employees in overseas or wherever parts of the world. Plans for Expansion Based on Corporate Press Release dated March 30, 2007, AMR Corp. , the parent company of American Airlines, Inc. , provides an update on actions taken in the first quarter of 2007 as part of its ongoing efforts to strengthen its balance sheet and build a stronger financial foundation.AMR said that American Airlines has paid in full the $285 million principal balance of its senior secured revolving credit facility , which had been fully drawn since its establishment in December 2004. AMR’s $444 million term loan facility remains outstanding. The Company said that the revolving credit facility may be redrawn, subject to certain conditions, and repaid from time to time depending on various factors, such as economic and industry conditions and the Company’s financial condition. AMR anticipates ending the first quarter of 2007 with approximately $5.8 billion in cash and short-term investments, including a restricted balance of nearly $500 million, compared to a cash and short-term investment balance of $4. 8 billion, including a restricted balance of $510 million, in the first quarter of 2006. AMR also said that it expects to complete by mid-April the refinancing of $350 million in municipal bonds that originally were issued in 1990 to help fund the development of American’s Alliance Maintenance and Engineering Base in Fort Worth, Texas .The closing of the transaction is subj ect to certain government approvals. The refinanced bonds, to be issued by AllianceAirport Authority, Inc. , will have a blended interest rate of 5. 46 percent, down from a rate of 7. 5 percent in the current bonds, and a final maturity of Dec. 1, 2029. AMR estimates that by paying down the revolving credit facility balance, prepaying the aircraft debt and refinancing the maintenance facility bonds, as described above, it will eliminate approximately $15 million of its annual net interest expense.Other examples of AMR’s balance sheet improvement include: †¢ AMR has raised more than $1. 1 billion through three equity issuances in the past 17 months, including the sale of 13 million new shares in January that raised approximately $500 million. †¢ AMR reduced its total debt, which includes the principal amount of airport facility tax-exempt bonds and the present value of aircraft operating lease obligations, to $18.4 billion at the end of the fourth quarter of 2006, co mpared to $20. 1 billion a year earlier. The Company expects to end the first quarter of 2007 with total debt of approximately $17. 6 billion. †¢ AMR reduced its net debt, which is defined as total debt less unrestricted cash and short-term investments, from $16. 3 billion at the end of 2005 to $13. 6 billion at the end of 2006. The Company expects to end the first quarter of 2007 with net debt of approximately $12. 3 billion.

Operation Management in McDonalds in Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2891 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 1.0 Operation Management 3 This report focuses on the subject of Operation Management where the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation in Malaysia will be used as the real-life example to illustrate and explain the distinct mechanics and elements present within Operation Management. To obtain the data and information necessary to accomplish this report, the non-participant observation method was utilized by the author to gather primary data while secondary data was mostly sourced through online sources. This report will comprise of two main sections, where the first being focused on understanding McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current operational standards and activities so as to identify any potential operational improvements for smoother and quicker procedure for food preparation as well as to provide a better service experience. On the other hand, the latter is concerned with establishing and understanding the roles and responsibilities held by the manager in the selected branch of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s as well as to analyze and diagnose any challenges that are currently being faced so as to propose a suitable solution for matter at hand. The findings of this report provide an insight into the operation management and the standard operational activities carried out within McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Malaysia. Besides that, steps which can be taken to improve upon the current operational standards of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to ensure a smooth were discussed along with providing solutions and recommendations for the overcoming the challenges that were identified. As seen in the case of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, proper operation management is crucial in ensuring the success of any organization in effectively carrying out its standard operational activities as well as ensuring the activities are done efficiently to reduce and eliminate wastages of resources and time, which ultimately would then further bolster the organ izationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profitability and boost its overall competiveness. Table of Contents Order: Title: Page No: 1.0 Operation Management 3 2.0The McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation in Malaysia 3 4 2.1Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Leading Quick-Service Restaurant Brand 4 2.2 The Operations Function of McDonalds 4 2.3 The Speedee Service System 4 5 2.4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Just-in-Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the Modern McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 5 6 2.5 Recommendation for Improvement 6 7 3.0 Operation Managers 7 3.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Operation Managers 7 8 3.2 Overcoming Operational Issues as a Manager 8 9 4.0 Conclusion 9 5.0 References 10 11 1.0 Introduction Operation Management can be defined as the administration of business activities that are concerned with the conversions of inputs (resources such as labor and raw materials) into outputs (good and services) in achieving the highest level of efficiency to maximize the profitability of the organization (Kamauff, 2010). Hence in a nutshell, Operation Management is the managerial activity that is concerned with streamlining the activities involved in the production of an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods and services to enhance the overall efficiency of the organization through the use of effective planning, sourcing and management of inventory and production. The roots of Operation Management can be traced back to Frederick Taylorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of scientific management in the early 1910s, where the subject of Operation Management has since grown to incorporate other elements such as the Six Sigma, Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Lean Manufacturing and the Kanban (JIT) production systems (Shim and Siegel, 1999). In this report, the McDonalds Corporation will be used as a real-life example to illustrate the principals and elements present within the subject of Operation Management. The McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outlets selected fo r this report would be the one located at Jalan Mustapha Al-Bakry in town and the branch at Persiaran Kuala Kangsar respectively, where the author used the non-participant observation approach to obtain the necessary information to accomplish this report. The outlet located in town was chosen as this is the oldest branch of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in Ipoh while the other branch is selected to identify any potential variations in its operational patterns between the two. 2.0 The McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation in Malaysia The McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation is one of if not the most famous hamburger and fast food chains across the globe, with more than 35,000 outlets across 119 countries. According to its official website, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first began its humble existence as a hamburger/barbeque drive-in restaurant operated by the two McDonald brothers in California in the early 1940s, and it wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t until 1955 when Ray Kroc partne red with the brothers and established the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation as the modern franchising business. In 1982 McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opened its first branch in Malaysia at Jalan Bukit Bintang, and currently has a total of 250 branches throughout the country which serves an average of 13 million customers on a monthly basis. The success of the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation can be attributed to several factors, where one of the main factors involved would be its highly efficient Operation Management function and systems as well as the constant improvements in its operations. 2.1 Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Leading Quick-Service Restaurant Brand As with any fast-food restaurant, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s specializes on providing Low Cost, High Volume, High Speed products with a strong focus on providing its customers with efficient and responsive services. Hence to differentiate itself from competitors such as KFC, Wendyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Burger King, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aims to be the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leading quick-service restaurant. In order for McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to achieve its goals, it would need to have to structure and manage its operations in a specific manner which will be analyzed in the following sections. 2.2 The Operations Function of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s The term Operation Management is normally associated with the activity of managing an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources that is used to produce and deliver its good and services, while the term Operation Function is more specific in the sense that it signifies the specific part of overseeing and controlling the activities producing the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods and services (Collins, 2008). To ensure a complete understanding of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Operation Functions, the early Speedee System and its modernized à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“JITà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  system will be explained and analyzed in the fol lowing paragraph. 2.3 McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Speedee Service Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The origin of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operation management function can be traced back to its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Speedee Service Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which was built for the sole emphasis of speed, volume and lowering costs that was incorporated into McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in 1948 (Highwayhost.org, 2015). Prior to the introduction of the Speedee Service System, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operational pattern was similar to other dine-in and drive-ins that employed a host of carhops and waitresses as well as hiring skilled short-order cooks. The operational costs involved such as wages as well as the need to constantly replace the short-order cooks which were in huge demand at that time lead to the McDonalds brothers to come up with the Speedee Service System. The Speedee Service System reconfigured the entire procedure of food preparation and changed it to somethin g which is similar to that of an assembly line, where one employee would specialize in cooking the burger patties while another prepares the French fries, thus eliminating the bottle-neck that was previously faced when a single chef is required to prepare both items (Schlosser, 2001). In addition to that, the Speedee System eliminated the need for waitresses and car-hops and introducing the Customer Self-Service system which further reduces McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operational costs, thus increasing its efficiency and lowered the prices of its products, ultimately increasing the number of customers. In its essence, the Speedee Service System revolutionized the restaurant businesses were done and became the precursor for the modern operation management function that is being practiced in McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s today. 2.4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Just in Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the Modern McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s As with the Speedee Service System, the modern McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daily operations function emphasizes on the need for efficient workflow processes to minimize the occurances of delays, bottlenecks and unnecessary procedures which will impede its performance. To effectively do so, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s focuses on managing its food preparation processes to account for every second, as service time is the single most crucial factor for customer satisfaction within the fast-food industry (Dentch, 2009). True to its motto of Fast Service and Fast Food, the modern McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s system functions in the manner where a customer places an order and pays at the counter, and then the order will be prepared by other staffs within a short time frame. As McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s targeted service time is to be not more than 90 seconds, its operation functions and process workflow is structured in a manner where there is minimal bottlenecks; there are dedicated staffs who handle specific roles such as one employee who cooks t he burger patties, another who applies the sauce and seasoning to the burger buns and another who will then finally prepare the finished burger and package into its box and then serve it to the customer (Wilson, 2015). The other food items such as it French fries, soft drinks and deserts will have their own specialized workstations/departments where these items can be prepared independently, hence cutting down on waiting time. With such systems in place, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is able to effectively serve its customers on a timely basis and incorporating a just-in-time (JIT) approach to its food preparation process, it ensures that the food remains fresh and unnecessary wastage or spoilage of food is avoided ultimately. As explained in the book Making Fast Food, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations functions that incorporates the just-in-time (JIT) system and multi-function workers has granted McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s an effective means of mass producing its foods in a way that is not only uniformed and consistent across all its branches but also guarantees a quick and efficient service experience to its customers (Reiter, 1991). 2.5 Recommendations for Improvement Based on the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s observation, the standard operational standards of the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s branches located at Jalan Mustapha Al-Bakry can be furthered improved by eliminating the bottlenecks effect present in the area of its service time. A bottleneck effect can be explained as the specific part or stage of a process where the capacity is at its lowest, which could be due to factors such as a long processing time which then acts as the weakest link in the entire process (Terwiesch, 2014). In the case of that particular McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, the main bottleneck being faced would be its point of service during peak hours as there ratio of counters to the total number of customers in queue is out of balanced. For example, it is not uncommon t o see more than ten customers lining up behind a single queue and many a times multiple customers who have already paid for their food can be seen hanging around while still waiting for specific items such as their French fries to be prepared. To an extent this bottleneck can be somewhat minimized by the presence of a dedicated drive-thru counter which radically cuts down the length of queue when comparing the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s at Jln Kuala Kangsar to the older branch in town that doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t offer the drive-thru service. The comparison was made by the author by benchmarking the total time taken for both branches to serve a customer as well as how long it takes for the queue to clear during peak hours. Other than to incorporate a drive-thru into its operations, the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in town will be able to eliminate its bottleneck by increasing the number of point of sales (counters) so that more customers can be served at the same time. The only downside of this would be the possibility of the extra counters becoming redundant when there isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t enough customers at hand. As for faster food preparation, hiring additional staffs would be a critical step in reducing the total customer waiting time as based on the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s observation, the major contributor to customer waiting time would be slowdowns caused by insufficient staff in preparing certain food items. For example, at times there is only a single staff that has to juggle between frying the French fries and manning the counter which then creates a bottleneck in the entire process when he or she is unable to finish preparing the fries when the rest of the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s set meal is ready. 3.0 Operation Managers As with Operation Management and Operations Function, the Operation Managers play a critical role in ensuring the effectiveness the of an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operation as these managers are responsi ble for the management of the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources that is part of the Operations Functions. 3.1 Roles and Responsibility of Operation Manager Within each branch of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s there will be at least two managers; a general manager/restaurant manager and an assistant manager where each will their own roles and responsibilities which will be discussed below. The general manager/restaurant manager plays the all important role of controlling and overseeing the restaurantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daily operations and ensuring that the outlet and all its activities are running as smoothly as possible. In addition to that, the general manager is also in charge of other aspects such as controlling the profitability and sales as well as optimizing the management of the restaurant, human resources and team management in their respective stores (McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Malta, 2015). On the other hand, an assistant managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role would be to assist the general manager in his or her management tasks and plays the important role of filling in for the general manager and running the restaurant should the general manager be absent. The specific role of assistant managers would be to supervise the training and recruitment efforts as well as to ensure that the quality levels and safety level is up to standards as well as to carry out sales forecasts and to analyze operational standards and results. In addition to the general manager and the assistant manager, larger branches would have a dedicated shift manager who is tasked with ensuring that everything is in order during their shift and to keep track of the outletà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inventory levels and maintenance of equipment (McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Malta, 2015). Diagram: Sourced from McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Malta (2015) 3.2 Overcoming Operational Issues as a Manager As discussed in the previous section, the issues that are being faced in the selected McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s can be overcome through effective operational planning of the manager. To prevent problems such as insufficient or inadequate number of staff during peak hours, the manager should consider hiring additional number of staffs to cope with the increase in number of customers during the its peak hours. As the crowd usually tends to gather from 12pm to 3pm in the afternoon and from 6pm to 9pm, the manager can effectively schedule and arrange for an extra staff or two to come in to work at these times to work on a shift basis. With the sufficient number of staff, the operations of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will be efficient and the bottlenecks that were mentioned in the previous section can be effectively eliminated. A long term solution to the problem would be to restructure the working schedule of the employees where there will be more employee working during peak hours. 4.0 Conclusion In a nutshell, Operation management safeguards the succe ss of an organization by effectively overseeing and controlling the standard operational activities to ensure that these activities are done in an efficient manner to reduce and eliminate wastages of resources and time, which ultimately would then further bolster the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profitability and boost its overall competiveness. As seen in the report, Operation Management plays a vital role in ensuring the long term and sustainable success of any organization, where the usage of the example of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proves itself to be a testament to the effectiveness of proper operation management and operations functions and its impact on the organization. Hence it can be said that without any form of proper operation management, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s would have been a far cry from the global fast-food giant that it is today. 5.0 References Aboutmcdonalds.com, (2015).History of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s :: AboutMcDonalds.com. [online] Availab le at: https://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mcdonalds-history.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015]. Collins, K. (2008).Exploring business. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Dentch, C. (2009).McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Speeds Orders by Seconds to Keep Customers (Update3) Bloomberg. [online] Bloomberg.com. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchivesid=aGL2uS5ybOyk [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. Highwayhost.org, (2015).Mcdonalds Self-Service System: page 1 of 7. [online] Available at: https://www.highwayhost.org/Mcdonalds/mcdonalds1.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015]. Kamauff, J. (2010).Managers guide to operations management. New York: McGraw-Hill. McDonalds Malta, (2015).A Closer Look to Each Role | McDonalds Malta. [online] Available at: https://mcdonalds.com.mt/employment/a-closer-look-at-each-profession [Accessed 1 Jun. 2015]. Mcdonalds.com, (2015).Our People :: McDonalds.com. [online] Available at: https://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/careers /our_people.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015]. Mcdonalds.com.my, (2015).Im lovin it! McDonalds ® Malaysia | History. [online] Available at: https://www.mcdonalds.com.my/about_us/corporate_info/history.aspx [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. Reiter, E. (1991).Making fast food. Montreal [Que.]: McGill-Queens University Press. Schlosser, E. (2001).Fast food nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Shim, J. and Siegel, J. (1999).Operations management. Hauppauge, NY: Barrons Educational Series. Slack, N., Chambers, S. and Johnston, R. (2010).Operations management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Terwiesch, C. (2014).Operations Management Basics: Capacity, bottleneck, process capacity, flow rate and utilization. [online] Scn.sap.com. Available at: https://scn.sap.com/community/uac/learning-center/blog/2014/08/28/operations-management-basics-capacity-bottleneck-process-capacity-flow-rate-and-utilization [Accessed 1 Jun. 2015]. Understanding Operations Management. (2011) . 1st ed. [ebook] Saylor.Org. Available at: https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/BUS300-1.1_Understanding-Operations-Management.pdf [Accessed 1 Jun. 2015]. Wilson, T. (2015).Mass-produced Food HowStuffWorks. [online] HowStuffWorks. Available at: https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/fast-food1.htm [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015]. Workflow101s Blog, (2009).McDonalds and Workflow: Every second counts. [online] Available at: https://workflow101.wordpress.com/2009/12/14/mcdonalds-and-workflow-every-second-counts/ [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. 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